Optical Sensing of Molecular Oxygen

Optical Sensing of Molecular Oxygen Optical sensing of molecular oxygen is gaining approval in many areas, such as biological research,1 clinical and medical applications,2 process control in the chemical industry3 and in food4 and pharmaceutical5 packaging, to name just a few. The best sensor should be stable, robust, easy-to-use and not prone to electrical interferences.6, 7 Quenched-luminescence oxygen sensing has attracted a great deal of attention and scientific endeavor in recent years. In particular, solid-state sensors holds many advantages over traditional oxygen sensing techniques like Clarke-type electrodes8 as they fulfil the above requirements and additionally have a reversible response to oxygen and can measure oxygen non-invasively without being put in contact with the sample.9 Solid-state sensors usually consist of an indicator dye encapsulated within an oxygen permeable polymer matrix.6, 10 The properties of the encapsulation matrix used, for instance its dye compatibility, oxygen permeability, wettability and mechanical properties, determine the final sensor operating parameters such as sensitivity and response time.6 The selectivity of the sensor is dependent on the indicating dye used. Compounds such as ruthenium and iridium compounds have been investigated,11, 12 however oxygen sensors based on platinum13 and palladium14, 15 metallopor phyrins has been the main focus of many research groups in the past.13 Polymers with high and moderate oxygen permeability have been used as encapsulation matrices, for instance, polystyrene, placticized polyvinylchloride, polydimethylsiloxane and fluorinated polymers.6 Many sensors require an additional support material due to the thin-film nature of many dye encapsulation matrices. The support material improves the mechanical properties of the sensor and aids handling and optical measurements.16 These oxygen sensors are usually produced by solution-based techniques by which the polymer is dried from an organic solvent cocktail,17 or by polymerization or curing of liquid precursors.18 Other dye incorporation methods include adsorption,19 covalent binding,20 solvent crazing,21 and polymer swelling methods (REF US). However, as previously shown in a study (REF US), some microporous membranes materials can be used as stand-alone sensor materials as they have sufficient thickness and light-scattering properties in addition to good mechanical properties and reasonably fast response times to oxygen in the gas phase. Although used in many applications (see above), many current sensor materials, fabrication techniques and polymeric matrixes are unsuited to large-scale applications such as packaging. A sensor for packaging should exhibit high robustness and reproducibility between batches, low cost (less than 1c per cm3)6 and be easily incorporated into existing packaging processes. Care should be taken when developing such sensors to limit the number of ingredients in order to limit their overall production costs.22 To be suitable for food and pharmaceutical packaging applications specifically, the sensor should be non-toxic,23 easily incorporated into the packaging and provide an adequate shelf-life for the required application.9 The sensors must also be capable of being mass produced in a continuous basis. Polyolefins such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) are common polymers which represent over half the total polymers produced in the world.24 Although the mechanical and gas-permeability properties of PP and PE are capable of oxygen sensing,25 there are obstacles regarding insolubility in common organic solvents and incompatibility with many oxygen sensing dyes. However, some PE and PP-based oxygen sensors have been created by solvent-crazing,25 hot polymer extrusion26 and swelling methods (REF US) that show potential for packaging applications. Of late, non-woven polyolefin materials have been developed for a range of industrial applications including textiles, membranes, filtration systems27 and charge separators in Li-ion batteries.28 These materials are cost-effective, have suitable chemical and thermal stability, gas permeability, uniformity and thicknesses between 20-150 microns.27, 29 In addition, they are micro-porous, light-scattering and have a large surface area.28-31 These membranes can also be modified to improve wettability by grafting the surface of the polymer with hydrophilic monofibres.32, 33 In this study, we evaluated two types of grafted PP as a matrix for fabrication of O2 sensors. The polymer membranes selected for this study consists of PP monofibres bound together by the wetlaid and spunbond method into flat flexible sheets. They possess a high surface area, good mechanical and chemical resistance and light-scattering properties. In addition the membranes have been grafted with a hydrophilic surface in order to improve wettability which is beneficial for opto-chemical sensing applications. Therefore, a simple spotting method can be used to incorporate the dye into the membrane. The advantage of this is the membrane doesn’t need an extra support matrix and the spotting method can be carried out with readily available commercial equipment when it progresses to upscaling. In addition, due to the size of the discrete spots, consumption of solvents and substrate material is kept to a minimum which lowers production cost. 1.D. B. Papkovsky and R. I. Dmitriev, Chemical Society Reviews, 2013. 2.D.-F. Lee, H.-P. Kuo, M. Liu, C.-K. Chou, W. Xia, Y. Du, J. Shen, C.-T. Chen, L. Huo, M.-C. Hsu, C.-W. Li, Q. Ding, T.-L. Liao, C.-C. Lai, A.-C. Lin, Y.-H. Chang, S.-F. Tsai, L.-Y. Li and M.-C. Hung, Molecular Cell, 2009, 36, 131-140. 3.T. Hyakutake, H. Taguchi, H. Sakaue and H. Nishide, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2008, 19, 1262-1269. 4.A. Hempel, #039, M. Sullivan, D. Papkovsky and J. Kerry, Foods, 2013, 2, 213-224. 5.T. Lenarczuk, S. GłĆ¦b and R. Koncki, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2001, 26, 163-169. 6.Y. Amao, Microchim. Acta, 2003, 143, 1-12. 7.A. Mills, Platinum Metals Rev, 1997, 41, 115-127. 8.M. Quaranta, S. M. Borisov and I. Klimant, Bioanalytical reviews, 2012, 4, 115-157. 9.A. Mills, Chemical Society Reviews, 2005, 34, 1003-1011. 10.S. M. Borisov, T. Mayr and I. Klimant, Analytical chemistry, 2008, 80, 573-582. 11.C.-S. Chu, Appl. Opt., 2011, 50, E145-E151. 12.Z. Wei, U. Paul and M. Mary-Ann, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2003, 36, 1689. 13.T.-S. Yeh, C.-S. Chu and Y.-L. Lo, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2006, 119, 701-707. 14.C.-S. Chu, Journal of Luminescence, 2013, 135, 5-9. 15.D. Badocco, A. Mondin and P. Pastore, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2011, 158, 54-61. 16.D. B. Papkovsky, A. N. Ovchinnikov, V. I. Ogurtsov, G. V. Ponomarev and T. Korpela, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 51, 137-145. 17.K. Koren, S. M. Borisov, R. Saf and I. Klimant, European journal of inorganic chemistry, 2011, 2011, 1531-1534. 18.C. von Bultzingslowen, A. K. McEvoy, C. McDonagh, B. D. MacCraith, I. Klimant, C. Krause and O. S. Wolfbeis, The Analyst, 2002, 127, 1478-1483. 19.M. Kameda, H. Seki, T. Makoshi, Y. Amao and K. Nakakita, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2012, 171-172, 343-349. 20.Y. Tian, B. R. Shumway and D. R. Meldrum, Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22, 2069-2078. 21.A. V. Volkov, A. A. Tunyan, M. A. Moskvina, A. L. Volynskii, A. I. Dement’ev and N. F. Bakeev, Polymer Science Series A, 2009, 51, 563-570. 22.N. B. Borchert, G. V. Ponomarev, J. P. Kerry and D. B. Papkovsky, Analytical chemistry, 2010, 83, 18-22. 23.P. Marek, J. J. Velasco-Velà ©z, T. Haas, T. Doll and G. Sadowski, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2013, 178, 254-262. 24.T. C. M. Chung, Macromolecules, 2013, 46, 6671-6698. 25.R. N. Gillanders, O. V. Arzhakova, A. Hempel, A. Dolgova, J. P. Kerry, L. M. Yarysheva, N. F. Bakeev, A. L. Volynskii and D. B. Papkovsky, Analytical chemistry, 2009, 82, 466-468. 26.A. Mills and A. Graham, The Analyst, 2013, 138, 6488-6493. 27.L.-S. Wan, Z.-M. Liu and Z.-K. Xu, Soft Matter, 2009, 5, 1775-1785. 28.Q. Xu, J. Yang, J. Dai, Y. Yang, X. Chen and Y. Wang, Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 448, 215-222. 29.H. Boukehili and P. Nguyen-Tri, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2012, 31, 1638-1651. 30.Z.-P. Zhao, M.-S. Li, N. Li, M.-X. Wang and Y. Zhang, Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 440, 9-19. 31.T.-H. Cho, M. Tanaka, H. Ohnishi, Y. Kondo, M. Yoshikazu, T. Nakamura and T. Sakai, Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195, 4272-4277. 32.R. van Reis and A. Zydney, Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 297, 16-50. 33.H.-y. Guan, F. Lian, Y. Ren, Y. Wen, X.-r. Pan and J.-l. Sun, Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2013, 20, 598-603.

Als Reflective Thinking Essay

Reflective Thanking Essay I am a good leader. One who takes initiative in getting the tasks completed while keeping the morale tempo up and making it a good experience to all. I’m one who will take criticism and can listen even though I may not like what I’m hearing, but in turn apply those criticisms and make a better me. Simply being said, I like to take charge, inspire those around me, complete the mission and wait for the next challenge.Thank my mother for who I am, she inspired the person I am today. I was raised in a very strict environment where there were expectations. Rules, responsibilities, honesty and involvement were all considered necessities. I was introduced to community service when I was 5 years old when I was a Girl Scout. Then later when my late father and I would participate in an annual cancer awareness marathon it was a beginning point for me.So from then on there the feeling of accomplishment to help others inspired me. I’m one who wants p eople to come to be with their troubles so I can help, I’m the one who wants to reach out and touch others and just inspire. It’s easy for me to say that I’m a participative leader. I want to get involved with my fellow wingmen and know they’re comfortable coming to me with any issue they may have. I’m one who strives towards a positive workplace.I like to work next to my fellow crew chiefs and solve problems. I treat others with mutual respect on the job. I am open-minded to my fellow airmen and respect their thoughts and opinions, but understand that the final decision rest in my hands on any given situation. Based on the decision making process, I feel the type of NCO (non-commissioned officer), I’ll become will be similar to the image I uphold now will make people work for the correct answer or the right thing to do.Though I understand that this technique will not work with all, but it’s a starting point for me to evaluate an indi vidual. One of my strengths is that I’m very smart. I’m very accepting to challenges. Another one of my better traits is that I’m a very good listener. I can influence new views on issues and provide help to a better outcome when the issue is good or even bad. I just put myself is their position and think â€Å"what would Melissa do? †

Cadbury Case Study

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING (BHO1171) – Sem 2, 2012 Individual Case Study (15%) Due Date: Week 7 (29/8/2012, Wednesday 5pm) Students will be evaluated on how well they analyze the case study by applying the right theories and concepts. The case topic is â€Å"Chocolate consumers feel guilty for the wrong reasons†. At the end of the case study, there are a number of questions in which students need to find answers and justifications. Students need to write a formal business report with a length of 2000 words using 12 pt fonts and 1. 5 spacing.The report must be handed in Week 7 (refer to the due date stated above). Please do not only focus on the article and the texts in getting the answers. Students are advised to refer to at least four (4) academic journals, with additions of materials from newspapers, magazines and Internet websites in analyzing and interpreting the case study questions. They need to acknowledge any borrowed citations or any information under reference lists by using Harvard Referencing System (Please refer to Communication Skills Handbook). Your report must be submitted to Turnitin and cleared.The allowable percentage of match is 25%. Upon uploading, please exclude the table of content, reference and bibliography lists. Do not forget to  attach together the first page of the Turnitin digital receipt on top of the hardcopy of your assignment. PLEASE DO NOT SHARE YOUR ANSWERS AND REFERENCES WITH YOUR FRIENDS. ASSIGNMENTS WITH HIGH PERCENTAGE OF MATCH (BASED ON TURNITIN REPORT) WILL BE PENALIZED! Sample of a Business Report (with word limits as an approximate guide for each section) Declaration Form† Cover Page (can be downloaded from ELearn) Turnitin digital receipt (first page)Cover Page †¢ Report Title: Individual Case Study – â€Å"Chocolate consumers feel guilty for the wrong reasons† †¢ Prepared for: Name of Lecturer & Tutor Victoria University †¢ Prepared/Written by:Student Name VU ID No. †¢ Date of Submission: †¢ Tutorial Group: Executive Summary †¢ Inclusive of the:Introduction of the report Content of the report Conclusion and recommendations of the report †¢ Should be written only after analysis is completed. †¢ Do not repeat by using the same sentences and words as the ones used in the report. †¢ Must spell out and explain the summary instead of just â€Å"out-lining† it. Should not be exceeding one page length and paragraphing is encouraged. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count = 300 – 400 Table of Contents †¢ Titles and subtitles †¢ Page numbers †¢ Appendices (if attached) †¢ Must be typed and not handwritten 1. 0 Introduction (Must include these four main components) †¢ Purpose of writing the report †¢ Short summary of the case study †¢ Relevant marketing theory definition and explanation (Briefly) †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =300 – 400 (Make use o f paragraphs) 2. 0 Problems/issues Identification 3. 0 Analysis †¢ No Assumptions and No own opinions!Only proven facts will be accepted. Every statement made must be referenced and listed under bibliography page and reference list. †¢ Do not use â€Å"I†, â€Å"We† when writing reports. Do not personalize the report but instead use third party language. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =500 – 600 4. 0 Recommendations/Choices of solutions †¢ List the courses of action, which, the writer, think, is the most appropriate to the firm †¢ Be specific and not general in giving suggestions. †¢ Must be related to the facts mentioned in the case study article. †¢ Guide – Approximate word count =400 . 0 Conclusion †¢ Brief presentation of the major findings that have been discovered within the content of the report. (Do not repeat the things you have mentioned in the content because a summary IS NOT a conclusion! ) â⠂¬ ¢ Guide – Approximate word count =200 List of References †¢ The reference list at the end of the report should be alphabetically ordered. †¢ You are required to refer to at least 4 academic journal articles and also to some numbers of texts, magazine/newspaper articles and websites. (Please refer to the Communication Skills Handbook on how to write referencing)IMPORTANT NOTE! YOU CAN ONLY USE THE ACADEMIC JOURNALS, WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED FROM DATABASES LIKE EBSCOHOST, EMERALD AND ETC. PLEASE REFER TO THE REFERENCE LIBRARIAN FOR FURTHER DETAILS. YOU CANNOT SEARCH FOR THESE MATERIALS USING WIKIPEDIA, GOOGLE OR YAHOO SEARCH. Appendices (optional) †¢ Should be kept at minimum †¢ If it is so detailed and long, put it into the content of report †¢ Give each appendix a number and a title and enter it into the Table of Contents †¢ Do not put in any of the journal articles that you have used for your report Note: 1.Students are to write using formal, bu siness-like tone for this report. This means there should be no usage of â€Å"I†, â€Å"We†, and â€Å"You† in this report. 2. They are also encouraged to write clear and concise expression of English language. 3. There should be a logical flow of sequence. 4. The report should also be free from excessive spelling and grammatical errors. Hence, before submission, proofreading must be done. 5. Please also write the word count at the end of the report (after the conclusion section). INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING (BHO 1171) Individual Case Study (15%) Marking Sheet Semester 2, 2012 CRITERION |Very Good |Good |Satisfactory (met min. |Inadequate |Not addressed / Weak |Mark | | | | |requirements) | | | | |Introduction and |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen is |The issue/problem chosen has |The ssue/problem is not |/2 | |problem/issue identification |appropriate and is clearly stated in|appropriate with elaboration |appropr iate |limited relevance |identified | | |(2%) |the assignment with justification | | | | | | |Problem analysis and | |Can analyse a range of |Can evaluate the reliability of |Can analyse a limited range of |Fails to analyse information. /5 | |justification (5%) |Can critically review evidence and |information, select appropriate|information using defined |information. Limited & only |Fails to evaluate or use | | | |analyse situations using a wide |techniques of evaluation. |techniques. Has given a factual |partially accurate evaluation of |techniques of evaluation, or | | | |range of techniques appropriate to |Appropriate issue/problem is |&/or conceptual knowledge base |information using defined |evaluations are totally invalid | | | |the topic.Thorough explanation of |explained and analysed | |techniques | | | | |the chosen issue/problem and is well| | | | | | | |analysed | | | | | | |Formulation of alternatives |Recommendations with reliability, |Clearly explained |Relevant recom mendations made |Vague recommendations, limited |No recommendations or are |/3 | |or possible solutions and |validity & significance |recommendations which relate | |solutions |obscured by poor mechanics | | |recommendations (3%) | |closely to the case | | | | | | |Fluent writing style appropriate to |Language fluent. Grammar & |Language mainly fluent. Grammar &|Meaning apparent, but language |Meaning unclear &/or grammar |/2 | |English expression |document. Grammar & spelling |spelling accurate |spelling mainly accurate |not always fluent.Grammar &/or |&/or spelling contain frequent | | |(sentence/paragraph |accurate | | |spelling contain errors |errors | | |construction, spelling, | | | | | | | |grammar and punctuation) (2%)| | | | | | | |Use of relevant references | |Demonstrates wide range of |Uses some appropriate literature |Uses only very limited |Fails to use relevant literature|/3 | |and referencing in written |Demonstrates wide range of reading |reading from a variety of | material in the assignment. |appropriate literature material |material in the assignment. | | |report (3%) |including from academic peer |credible sources. Referencing |Referencing is mainly accurate. |in the assignment. Some attempt |Referencing is absent/ | | | |reviewed journals in the appropriate|is mainly accurate | |at referencing. unsystematic | | | |area. Referencing is consistently | | | | | | | |accurate both within & at end of | | | | | | | |document | | | | | | ———————– TOTAL: /15

Aristotle, Immanuel Kant And Kant - 2637 Words

What does it mean to be Good? How does one define a concept as broad as Good? For every wave of philosophers the world has seen there has been at least one to every group that has tried to explain what Good is. Each person’s vision is more different than the last. A subject as large as Good will certainly have a multitude of different definitions but it is my goal to try an select which philosopher if any have actually successfully defined it. The philosophers I chose to analyze are Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and G.E. Moore and all three’s interpretations of what Good is and how does one achieve a good life. â€Å"The good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.† To Aristotle, Good is defined by happiness and the means to which we took to achieve it. This truth is widely accepted, but the issue in this derives from what constitutes happiness. Aristotle attempts to answer this question in Nicomachean. He also does not treat happiness as merely an adjective but as something much more. Rather than living happily, it is more about doing happily. According to Aristotle, happiness is extracted through the activities we choose to do and not only must we perform these acts but we must perform them well. â€Å"With those who identify with virtue or some one virtue our account is in harmony; for to virtue belongs virtuous activity.† So the activities we choose must feed our rational souls through those virtuous acts. But this does not mean that a virtuous man will be happyShow MoreRelatedThe Aristotle And Immanuel Kant1655 Words   |  7 Pages The philosophers Aristotle and Immanuel Kant express the sources of virtuous and dutiful actions in a similar, yet different way. Both philosophers agree that an action has moral worth, when it is preformed for its own sake. However, the difference contains a more significant meaning. 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It has even been said that in his Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals Kant disproves Aristotle’s view. In order to prove that Kant successfully disproves Aristotle’s theory, we must first understand both theories. After a successfulRead MoreGrounding For The Metaphysics Of Morals And On Groveling By Immanuel Kant891 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant discusses the second and third translation pieces in â€Å"Key Selections.† In Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals and On Groveling, Kant explains that humans have an animal-like nature. If Kant was charged with the statement, â€Å"Bottom line, humans are nothing more than insignificant creatures with an animal nature,† he would have a mixed response to the charge. Although Kant may not believe that neither humans or animals are insignific ant, he would recognize the relation and similaritiesRead MoreSolving Ethical Dilemmas Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesethical interpretations of philosophers Aristotle, Benedict de Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, and myself will be addressed regarding this particular dilemma. Aristotle sought a philosophy of happiness which would be applicable to each individual man. He believed virtue is never absolute. In other words, one rule can never apply to all men. Instead, the individual through lifes experiences must find the source which brings him the most happiness. More importantly, Aristotle reasoned that this source would neverRead MoreComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 Pagesconcentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. 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The Expansion And Sectionalism Throughout American History

The expansion and sectionalism throughout American history, the colonial resistance to the proclamation line had been one of unifying factors that had committed many English colonists to revolution and helped spread an emerging nationalism. The exciting textbook American Nation, states that, American independence and control of a wide and rich domain were the most obvious results of the Revolution. The revolution provided access to vast western lands and for many years western expansion would serve as an element that bound the various sections together. Yet, as the decades rolled on and the United States added even more land in its march to the Pacific, expansionism led to sectionalism which resulted in the Union being torn apart. Throughout the American history, we have seen â€Å"Manifest Destiny† at work, and how it has helped grow our nation. The idea of Manifest Destiny helped in creating revolutions that would help them find freedom in the U.S., but it also had some negative effects. Most believe that â€Å"Manifest Destiny† began in the 1840’s, when John L.O’Sullivan coined the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† in 1845, but if we look closer we can see that even all the way back to the first settlers we can see thatâ€Å"Manifest Destiny† was already at work as in, the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The term is defined and recognized as, the Americans belief that it was their destiny given to them by God, to expand into the Western territories â€Å" The whole continent was to be theirs.†1 WeShow MoreRelatedSectionalism Due to Western Expansion Essay668 Words   |  3 PagesThe Antebellum period from 1800 to 1850 marked a time of sectionalism in American history . Furthermore, new territories gained during western expansion added to this conflict between different sections of America. 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The Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-18 00s advanced the country technologically while further dividing it as the North became industrialized and the South became more agrarian and reliant on slave labor. Sectionalism was increased by westward expansion, and began to manifest itself in American politics. The country could have gone to war by the early 1800s, but various

Breast Cancer Case Study - 803 Words

2.extravasation For metastatic outgrowth extravasation of tumor cells and secondary seeding are important. In secondary organs fibronectin expression is upregulated by primary tumors via resident fibroblasts, which serves as a docking site for VEGFR1+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) clusters and secondary seeding. During metastasis of breast cancer to lung, interaction of VCAM-1+ cancer cells with VLA-4-expressing macrophages, activates PI3K/Akt signaling in tumor cells, protecting them from caspase-induced apoptosis. Bone metastasis is also facilitated by interaction of VCAM1 with different integrin partner, ÃŽ ±4ÃŽ ²1, in osteoclasts. Thus, we can conclude that disruption of adhesion signaling between stromal cells and tumor cells can†¦show more content†¦Additional studies mention about how primary tumor hypoxia influences the premetastatic niche. Major BMDC contributors to hypoxia-induced pseudo-premetastatic niche are MDSCs and NK cells with impaired cytotoxicity.(Sceneay, 2012) (S ceneay J, et al. Primary tumor hypoxia recruits CD11b+/Ly6Cmed/Ly6G+ immune suppressor cells and compromises NK cell cytotoxicity in the premetastatic niche. Cancer research. 2012; 72:3906–3911. [PubMed: 22751463]) Organ tropism The circulating cancer cells that are released from primary tumors leave a micro- environment created by the supportive stroma of such tumors. Creating supportive stroma is a multi – step process, thus in some cases cancer cells seeded in new metastatic niches do not begin by inducing a supportive stroma because it already preexists. Such permissivity may be intrinsic to the tissue site (Talmadge and Fidler, 2010) or pre-induced by circulating factors released by the primary tumor (Peinado et al., 2011). Metastatic seeding of circulating tumour cells has been shown in some cases to be enhanced by the primary tumour, whose secreted products create an environment that favours establishment of metastases at unique distant sites, termed pre-metastatic niches. The most well-documented components of induced premetastatic niches are tumor-promoting inflammatoryShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer Case Study929 Words   |  4 PagesIn the present study, we found that rate of pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 24.7% (n=25) in the whole cohort (n=101). This finding was consistent with the range of pCR rates to prospective randomized trials of preoperative chemotherapy of 15%-40% mentioned in the literature (Burstein et al., 2008). Moreover, high Ki-67 expression (cutoff 14%) was significantly correlated with achieving a pCR in the large cohort (p=0.016). 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Analytical Art Fiona Hall Essay Example For Students

Analytical Art Fiona Hall Essay This artwork by Fiona Hall, named Book XIII: Trees and their use in supplying perfume (1991) is a part of her series (Historia Non-Naturalis) that is heavily based around nature and culture. Hall first emerged in the 1970s as a photographer, then after discovering a range of art forms, began her journey as an artist, using techniques such as sculpture, painting, installation gardening designs and metal works. She first became well known for her erotic sardine can series named Paradisus Terrestris. Hall addresses political and social issues which illustrate an insightful and distinctive look into Halls core theme, which is her relationship between nature and culture. This is interwoven throughout a vast majority of Halls artworks and is subtlety hinted throughout this art piece. Hall is considered to be one of Australias leading contemporary artists. Halls collage is a reflection of her well known connection to nature and culture. We will write a custom essay on Analytical Art Fiona Hall specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The variety of layers and mediums create a lively yet subtlety toned piece giving the viewer a sense of movement and flow through the piece. Hall has manipulated the elements and principles of design to construct an interesting, subtlety coloured collage. Book XIII: Trees and their use in supplying perfume (1991), which is in portrait format includes multiple perfume bottles attached to its surface, with withered roses inside each bottle. The overlying image of three nude women is painted over the bottles and aligned so that they fit and create a well-blended image. The women are painted in multiple layers of acrylic paint and pastels creating a thick cracked effect upon the edges which adds to the limited color palette Hall has used to create an older, dirtier rustic piece. The bodies of the women work together to create movement and rhythm to this piece, however despite Halls use of a limited color palette and arrangement of perfume bottles, it still allows for a distinct foreground, mid ground and back ground. For example the foreground consists of the perfume bottles, as they are raised from the rest of the piece creating level and depth to Halls work. Throughout the various perfume bottles, Hall has painted parts of these three women onto them, which blurs the lines between the foreground and mid ground, but distinctively the bottles seem to slightly give more depth to the women, alternatively pushing them into the mid ground. In the background there is minimal depth but Hall has created multiple layers of mixed media, which include paint, pastels, fabric, and paper, which complement the overall unity of the piece, creating a gentle, flowing piece of artwork. Hall has purposely manipulated the elements and principles of art to design an authentic, emotional artwork that is a powerful representation of Halls connection with nature and culture. Line, color and shape, are all critical in Halls artworks to convey her emotions. The line in this artwork is descriptive, embellishing the background surface and also parts of the womens bodies. It is used freely to outline their hands and their bodies in some areas. The colors used throughout this artwork are mostly tints and shades of blacks, whites and warm yellows. The shapes within this artwork are organic, and this is shown in almost every shape. The perfume bottles are geometric shapes showing that this mix with geometric and organic shape is how Hall displays her interest in nature and culture and expresses this in her artwork. Textures on this artwork range from fabric, to paint, to wall paper; these are all mainly applied onto the background and mid ground areas to show the cracked background and the womens hair. .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d , .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .postImageUrl , .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d , .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:hover , .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:visited , .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:active { border:0!important; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:active , .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d8407df9d3c3d836443f447b013ba1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paradise Lost Essay ThesisThe manipulation of patterns is everywhere in Halls artwork. It is shown in the womens hair, and in multiple areas throughout the background of the image. The contrast between the hard geometric shapes of the perfume bottles against the soft flowing lines of the womens bodies has created an interesting image calling for more focus to comprehend the other images underneath. The repetition of colors and tones create a subtle image that reinforces the harmony and unity of this piece. Halls use of shades and tones has created a dark, washed out look to her artwork yet it also creates an eerie yet beautiful mood and feel. She has incorporated the use of withered roses and perfume bottles to reinforce her links with the land and her culture, knowing that this is evident throughout all of Halls art pieces. Shes also incorporates text Skin Deep   which refers to her intent and purpose of this artwork which was to address the social issue of what is beautiful and the fact that beauty and perfume are both only skin deep. Hall has used the perfume bottles as the focal point as they are raised, and with the color of the withered roses being a different color to all the others, brings attention to them. The title of this piece reinforces the underlying message and mood of this piece which is to say that beauty is only Skin Deep  . Halls artwork Book XIII: Trees and their use in supplying perfume (1991) has clearly and evidently reflected her intentions and emotions through every aspect of her collage while still creating a harmonized, unified piece. Her artwork clearly reflects the slow, flowing movement and rhythm of this social issue while confronting it head on. The variety of layers and mediums that Hall has incorporated create a lively yet subtlety, toned piece giving the viewer a sense of movement and flow throughout. Hall has manipulated the elements and principles of design to construct an interesting, subtlety, coloured collage.