Breast Cancer Case Study - 803 Words

2.extravasation For metastatic outgrowth extravasation of tumor cells and secondary seeding are important. In secondary organs fibronectin expression is upregulated by primary tumors via resident fibroblasts, which serves as a docking site for VEGFR1+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) clusters and secondary seeding. During metastasis of breast cancer to lung, interaction of VCAM-1+ cancer cells with VLA-4-expressing macrophages, activates PI3K/Akt signaling in tumor cells, protecting them from caspase-induced apoptosis. Bone metastasis is also facilitated by interaction of VCAM1 with different integrin partner, ÃŽ ±4ÃŽ ²1, in osteoclasts. Thus, we can conclude that disruption of adhesion signaling between stromal cells and tumor cells can†¦show more content†¦Additional studies mention about how primary tumor hypoxia influences the premetastatic niche. Major BMDC contributors to hypoxia-induced pseudo-premetastatic niche are MDSCs and NK cells with impaired cytotoxicity.(Sceneay, 2012) (S ceneay J, et al. Primary tumor hypoxia recruits CD11b+/Ly6Cmed/Ly6G+ immune suppressor cells and compromises NK cell cytotoxicity in the premetastatic niche. Cancer research. 2012; 72:3906–3911. [PubMed: 22751463]) Organ tropism The circulating cancer cells that are released from primary tumors leave a micro- environment created by the supportive stroma of such tumors. Creating supportive stroma is a multi – step process, thus in some cases cancer cells seeded in new metastatic niches do not begin by inducing a supportive stroma because it already preexists. Such permissivity may be intrinsic to the tissue site (Talmadge and Fidler, 2010) or pre-induced by circulating factors released by the primary tumor (Peinado et al., 2011). Metastatic seeding of circulating tumour cells has been shown in some cases to be enhanced by the primary tumour, whose secreted products create an environment that favours establishment of metastases at unique distant sites, termed pre-metastatic niches. The most well-documented components of induced premetastatic niches are tumor-promoting inflammatoryShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer Case Study929 Words   |  4 PagesIn the present study, we found that rate of pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 24.7% (n=25) in the whole cohort (n=101). This finding was consistent with the range of pCR rates to prospective randomized trials of preoperative chemotherapy of 15%-40% mentioned in the literature (Burstein et al., 2008). Moreover, high Ki-67 expression (cutoff 14%) was significantly correlated with achieving a pCR in the large cohort (p=0.016). This result matched with the finding of several studies that reported thatRead MoreBreast Cancer Case Study1234 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately lead to the progression of oral cancer. (Lee et al, 2010). c‑myc was among the first oncogenes found to be amplified in breast cancer, and it can contribute to many other forms of cancer (Victoria and Michael, 2007). It is a critical downstream effector of the Wnt/TCF pathway in colon cancer and activation of Myc might play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of tumors like pediatric hepatoblastoma (Sansom et al, 2007; Cairo et al, 2008). A study done in south Indian population has shownRead MoreBreast Cancer Case Study1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmetastases have caused substantial mortality and morbidity in cancer patients. Approximately 15% of women with breast cancer will be diagnosed with brain metastases (Zakaria et al., 2014). With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the quality of the patient’s life could be enhanced. Therefore, it is vital for patient s with a known primary tumour to undergo imaging studies once they develop neurological signs and symptoms. Imaging studies aid to accurately identify the type, number, size, and locationRead MoreEssay on Breast Cancer Case Study642 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Luis F Vega Jr NUR 1211 Breast Cancer Case Study Mrs. Thomas, a 57 year old married lawyer, was found to have a 4 X 6 cm firm, fixed mass in the upper, outer quadrant of the right breast during a routine physical examination, and a stereotactic core biopsy indicated a malignant tumor. Although the surgeon recommended a mastectomy because of the size of the tumor, Mrs. Thomas chose to have a lumpectomy. Now three weeks postoperative, she is scheduled for chemotherapy. Subjective Data NeverRead MoreAdult Case Study : Male Breast Cancer3050 Words   |  13 Pages Adult Case Study: Male Breast Cancer Carly Regan Loyola University Chicago Introduction Overview When the topic of breast cancer is discussed in conversation, most will think of it as a female diagnosis. While the greatest percentages of patients diagnosed with breast cancer are female, it is still possible that males can be diagnosed. It is a diagnosis that practitioners should always keep in the back of their minds as a differential when a male presentsRead MoreBreat Cancer Screening Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesBREAST CANCER SCREENING DR. DANA MORTEZ ARLECIA PURVIS JULY 17, 2011 Current research shows mammograms are stronger than in the past. In a recent study it has confirmed that mammograms benefit for women in their forties and fifties. Women feel confident about the benefits that are associated with a regular mammograms for finding cancer early. However, mammograms can have their limitations. A mammogram will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can leadRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1309 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factorsRead MoreGenome Wide Association Studies Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pageswide association study has been very useful in the recent years. It has helped researchers to detect genes that are not detected that easily. With the detection, it helps the researchers to prevent and treat the particular disease. Breast cancer has been one of the most common cancer in the world and the most common in women. Even though, breast cancer is detected easily with mammograms or self examination there are times where it c an be hard to detect. Genome wide association studies help to identifyRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Malignant Tumor1203 Words   |  5 PagesChapter I - Introduction Breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor in the cells of the breast. A cancerous tumor develops when a group of malignant cells invade the tissue surrounding the breast and can spread to other parts of the body (Cancer.org, 2015). This type of cancer is most common in women. However, men can also fall victim to the disease. In 2015, about 230,000 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in women and approximately 40,000 women will die from this disease (CancerRead MoreStrength Of Association1146 Words   |  5 Pagesrule out causality and may still be of significant effect on the disease under study. This is applied in a case where the exposure is in a common population. For instance passive smoking and lung cancer (Risk Ratio: 1.3) (Morein Stuart, n.d). Consistency: Repeated observation of an association in a different population under different circumstances showing the same results suggests that the results of a single study are not due to chance. Criticism: This should be applied cautiously to avoid chances